Amber dots show which way current flows and how much. They do not show electron speed. Real electrons drift less than a millimeter a second.
The dots move from plus to minus, the standard direction for drawing current. Electrons move the other way.
On AC the charges move back and forth in place. They never travel from the receptacle to the lamp. The filament heats up on both swings, so the lamp still gets energy.
The filament stays hot between swings, so the lamp glows steady. A high-speed camera shows a small flicker 120 times a second.
120 V AC peaks near 170 V (120 × 1.414). The 120 is the DC voltage that would heat the lamp the same. Your meter shows this number. Electricians call it the RMS value.
Load calculations use 120 V, a nominal system voltage listed in 120.5(A). A real receptacle reads a little above or below 120. US power runs at 60 cycles a second.
The battery bank is ten 12 V batteries wired in a row. It is a teaching setup, so the same 120 V lamp lights the same on both sources.
On DC the lamp leads are red for plus and black for minus. You may mark a DC branch circuit over 60 V this way under 210.5(C)(3).
The picture treats each lit bulb as a fixed resistance. The 60 W bulb is 240 Ω and the 100 W bulb is 144 Ω. A cold filament has less resistance.
The panel that feeds the receptacle is not drawn. On AC the loop closes there. On DC it closes inside the battery bank.